Practical assignments to seminar 1
Proto-Germanic phonology
- Identify the phonetic processes in the Proto-Germanic vocalic system.
1 Gth kuni > OE cynn a Germanic Vowel Shift 2 L medius > OE midde 3 L octo > Gth ahtau b Germanic Fracture 4 Ukr возити > – везу 5 L sedeo > sēdi c I-Umlaut 6 L ventus > OE wind 7 Celt hurnan > OE horn d Ablaut Qualitative 8 OE*namnian > OE nemnan 9 Scr mātá > OE mōdōr e Ablaut Quantitative 10 Rus беру > сбор – брать - Identify the phonetic processes in the Proto-Germanic system of consonants.
1 Gth baitrs > OE bittor a Grimm’s Law 2 OHG fimf > OE fīf 3 E paw > G Pfote b Verner’s Law 4 L decem > Gth taihun 5 OHG uns > OE ūs c Rhotacism 6 Scr bhēdami > OE bītan 7 OE wæs – wesan – wǣron d The Second Consonant Shift 8 L dictāre > OE dihtan 9 Gr dekás > Gth tigus e West-Germanic lengthening of consonants 10 OE ceas – ceosan – coren 11 Gr patér > Gth fadar f Loss of nasals before fricatives (Ingveonic loss of nasals) 12 E drink > OHG trinchan Old English phonology
- Identify the changes in the following OE words. Match the names of processes with the appropriate OE words.
- OE vowels
1 sifon > siofon а OE Breaking 2 mūs > mys b Palatal diphthongization 3 melcan > meolcan c Back (velar) mutation 4 scacan > sceacan d Contraction 5 tihan > tēon e i-Umlaut - OE Vowels
1 *lārian > lǣran ‘teach’ a OE Breaking 2 OE hira > hiora ‘their’ b Palatal diphthongization 3 *ærm > earm ‘arm’ c Back (velar) mutation 4 OE scort > sceort ‘short’ d Contraction 5 *þīhan > þēon ‘prosper’ e i-Umlaut - OE Consonants
*munþ > mūþ ‘mouth’ a Palatalization OE hros > hors b Assibilation OE efn > emn ‘even’ c Metathesis OE cēse ‘cheese’ d Assimiltion OE cild > child ‘child’ e Rejection of consonants OE sæʒde > sǣde ‘said’ Middle English phonology
- OE vowels
- Identify the phonetic processes of the Middle English vocalic system. Match the names of processes with the words in which they took place.
1 OE dæƷ > ME day a Levelling 2 OE æfter > ME after 3 OE helpan > ME helpen b Lengthening in an open syllable 4 OE mete > ME mete 5 OE tahte > ME tauhte c Shortening in a closed syllable 6 OE fyrst > ME first, ferst, furst 7 OFr chois > ME choice d Qualitative Dialect Changes 8 OE fīfta > ME fifte 9 OE eald > ME ald e Monophthongization 10 OE dēōp > ME deep 11 OE eahte > ME eihte f Diphthongization 12 OE māra > ME more - Compare the consonant changes in the words given below. Identify the phonetic processes of the Middle English consonant system.
1 OE hring > ME ring a Assibilation 2 OE seofon > ME seven 3 OE hwæt > ME what b Development of ME phonemes from OE allophones 4 OE scip > ME ship 5 OE weƷ > ME wey c Vocalization 6 OE hrōf > ME roof 7 OE cild > ME child d Loss of consonants / of initial “h” before sonorants 8 OE hwånne > ME whanne 9 OE boƷa > ME bowe e Orthographical metathesis 10 OE fisc > ME fish Early New English phonology
- Identify the phonetic processes of the Early New English vocalic system. Match the names of processes with the words in which they took place.
1 ME take [a:] > NE take [ei] a The Great Vowel Shift 2 ME fir [fīr] > NE fire [faiə] 3 ME noun [u:] > NE noun [au] b Rise of new short phonemes 4 ME watch [a] > NE watch [ɔ] 5 ME deep [ẹ:] > NE deep [i:] c Rise of new long phonemes 6 ME burden > NE burden 7 ME deep [ẹ:] > NE deep [i:] d Rise of new diphthongs and triphthongs 8 ME care[сārе] > NE саге [kɛə] 9 ME stone[ɔ:] > NE stone [ou] 10 ME floor > NE floor 11 ME kind [i:] > NE kind [ai] - Compare the consonant changes in the words given below. Identify the phonetic processes of the Early New English consonant system.
1 ME often [ftn] > NE often [fn] a Vocalization of [r] 2 ME was [s] > NE was [z] 3 ME relation [sj ] > NE relation [ʃ] b Simplification of consonant clusters 4 NE far [far] > NE far [fa:] 5 ME soldier [dj] > NE soldier [dʒ] c Voicing of Voiceless Fricatives 6 ME climben [mb] > NE climb [klaim] 7 ME knowleche [tʃ] > NE knowledge[dʒ] d Rise of New Sibilants and Affricates 8 ME pleasure[zj] > NE pleasure [ʒ] 9 ME this [ɵ] > NE this [ð] 10 ME nature [tj] > NE nature [tʃ] - Identify the phonetic changes in the words given below:
1 L cordR сердце > Gth hairto > OE heorte > ME herte > NE hearte > heart OE hærte OHG herza 2 Gth hūs > OE hūs > ME hous > NE hous > house 3 Gr kratúsR крепкий > Gth hardusOE hærdG hart > OE heard > ME hard > NE hard 4 R делать > OHG dȃttȃt > OE dōn > ME don > NE do Practical assignment. Seminar 2.
1. Make a morphological analysis of the given OE words according to the scheme added:
sīō scīr hātte … hæfde ambyrne wind. (sīō=seo).
Ohthere’s and Wulfstan’s Story
Ohthere sǣde þæt sīō scīr hātte HalƷoland þe hē on būde. Hē cwæð þæt nān man ne būde benorðan him. þonne is ān port on sūðeweardum þæm lande, þone man hǣt ScirinƷes heal. þyder hē cwæð þæt man mihte ƷeseƷlian on ānum mōnðe, Ʒyf man on niht wicode, and ælce dæƷe hæfd ambyrne wind; and ealle ðā hwīle hē sceal seƷlian be lande, and on þæt stēōrbord him bið ǣrest Īraland, an þonne ðā iʒland þe synd betux Īralande and þissum lande. þonne is þis land oð hē cymð to ScirinƷes heale, and ealne weƷ on þæt bæcbord NorðweƷ.
| Word-Form From the Text | Word and its Characte-ristics(from the dictionary) | Morpho-logical Characte-ristics of the Word | IE Correspon-dences | Germanic Correspon-eances | Notes on Phon. Processes | |
| N | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 |
- Make a morphological analysis of the given ME words from the text by G. Chaucer. Concentrate your attention on the changes in ME grammar.
his shoures soote, … hath perced, … Inspired hath, … Hath… y-ronne
Whan that Aprille with his shoures soote
The droghte of March hath perced to the roote,
And bathed every veyne in swich licour,
Of which vertu engendred is the flour,
Whan Zephirus eek with his sweete breeth
Inspired hath in every holt and heeth.
he tendre croppes, and the younge sonne
Hath in the Ram his halfe cours y-ronne.